AND這個(gè)詞實(shí)在是太常見了。一提到AND想到的第一個(gè)意思一定是“和”。既然表示了前后的連接,從語音語調(diào)用法上面你真的了解AND嗎?今天趴趴就來為大家詳細(xì)的講一下雅思聽力中的關(guān)鍵小詞AND。
PART 1 重要性
并列和順接
這個(gè)詞語我們?cè)趧偨佑|到英語的時(shí)候我們就認(rèn)識(shí)了。and主要是表并列和順接關(guān)系。這個(gè)詞語廣泛用于各種英語的句子中。
如:并列:... However, after the axe had been chipped into shape, they needed water and sand for grinding and polishing ...(劍6 Test3 Section4后面縮寫為:6-3-4)
順接:... You pay a £250 joining fee and then it's £450 ... (6-1-1)
兩個(gè)意思之間的連接必須用and;句子之間的順接也可以用and;某些表示條件、結(jié)果甚至是某些因果都可以用and。
同義互換
雅思最重要的一個(gè)現(xiàn)象就是同意互換(paraphrase),尤其在聽力過程中,為了增加難度許多詞語并不會(huì)出現(xiàn)原詞。那么我們來看看and會(huì)怎樣做同意互換呢。
1. It is possible to hire _______ and _______.
Audio Scripts: And you can hire laptops ... as well as printers ... (6-1-3)
2. Cardboard, coloured pens and a _______.
Audio Scripts: ... and coloured each one in using different colours, then you thread a piece of string ... So we'd need some string as well. (4-4-3)
當(dāng)然and還可以轉(zhuǎn)換為together with, not only ... but also ...等等,但是無論怎么互換最后換到的詞語都比and復(fù)雜,這個(gè)實(shí)際上變相的降低了聽力的難度,因此在許多情況下,當(dāng)試卷上出現(xiàn)and時(shí),在聽力中并不會(huì)做互換。換句話說,如果在試卷上看到了and,并且要填寫的答案在and周圍的話,我們就可以刻意去聽and,這樣答案也就出來了。
E.G.: Float dropped into ocean and _______by satellite.
Audio Scripts: Each of the floats is dropped in the ocean ... and activated from a satellite. (7-3-3)
通過這個(gè)題目我們可以注意到,我們?cè)谔顚?duì)這個(gè)答案的時(shí)候幾乎都可以不用知道float, satellite甚至是答案activated的意思,只需要將and后面的動(dòng)詞寫下來就可以了。這個(gè)大大增加了and這個(gè)詞語的重要性。
E.G.: Swimming aids: fins and ______.
Audio Scripts: ... sharks are very quick swimmers. This is made possible by their fins, one set at the side ..., and the tail also help the shark move forward quickly. (4-4-4)
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)在fins的后面加了一句解釋的話,在聽力過程中往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致聽漏,但是后面出現(xiàn)的and就是非常好的定位點(diǎn)。
PART 2 兩大難點(diǎn)
(1)語音難點(diǎn)
那么既然and這么重要,在我們聽力中會(huì)有什么問題呢?首先,提醒考生們要注意,and這個(gè)詞語本身并不是說話的重點(diǎn),因此在說話的過程中,這個(gè)詞語并不會(huì)完全讀成/ænd/而會(huì)弱化成/∂nd/;其次,由于and是爆破音/d/結(jié)尾,當(dāng)后面的單詞由輔音開頭的時(shí)候還會(huì)繼續(xù)爆破,此時(shí)and僅僅讀作/∂n/;再次and是元音開頭,若前面一個(gè)單詞是輔音結(jié)尾,還會(huì)產(chǎn)生連讀,更加增加了這個(gè)詞被聽出來的情況。
E.G.: Highlights: music and ______.
Audio Scripts: ... but the best part is the music and lighting. (4-3-2)這邊的and弱化了,但是還是能聽出在music后面有一個(gè)/∂n/。
E.G.: ... because it had water, raw materials and fuels such as ______ and ______.
Audio Scripts: The water and the availability of raw materials ... and also the abundance of local fuels, like coal and firewood, ... (4-1-2)
此題可以通過fuels來定位,同時(shí)like和such as做同義詞互換,也就是正確答案就是后面的并列關(guān)系的名詞,但是此題的難點(diǎn)就是coal and firewood被讀作/k∂ul∂n fаi∂wud/,這樣就導(dǎo)致無法聽出正確答案了。
(2)速記難點(diǎn)
當(dāng)and連接的2個(gè)詞語都要寫出來的時(shí)候,不僅語音上面有難度,在速記上的要求也提高了。
E.G.: Site One: Problems with _______ and _______.
Audio Scripts: Site One was unpopular because of traffic and parking problems. (4-3-4)
New technology allowed the production of goods made of ______ and ______.
Audio Scripts: The technology they introduced meant that metal and leather goods were produced there for the first time. (6-1-4)
這兩個(gè)例子都能看出來通過and定位很容易能找到答案,但是需要寫的兩個(gè)詞語出現(xiàn)比較快,而且由于and的弱化,以及句子中的倒置,更加增加了填寫的難度。
PART 3 注意事項(xiàng)
雖然and本身讀音為/ænd/,在句子中弱化的讀音卻是/∂n/不會(huì)由于爆破而讀成/æn/,因此我們?cè)诼犃^程中不要聽錯(cuò)。
E.G. Video Presentation: Go to _______
Audio Script: ... Now, after the break we'll be moving a different location for a video presentation ... and there you will be shown a video ... called Safety at Work.
此題的答案是Safety at Work這個(gè)地方讀作/seifti æ w∂:k/。這邊的答案一定要注意不是safety and work/seifti ∂n w∂:k/,雖然兩個(gè)讀音極像。
總的來說,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),大部分在試卷上出現(xiàn)的and都會(huì)在文字答案中讀出,尤其是需要填寫的是兩個(gè)答案是由and連接的時(shí)候,但是由于and本身的原因,在聽力中較難聽到,因此建議考生們?cè)诰毩?xí)中需重點(diǎn)注意and的弱讀,以及當(dāng)and和別的詞匯連讀時(shí)產(chǎn)生的問題。
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