Passage One

新舊

題材

題目

題型

舊

科技

Marine Navigation

配對6

填空 7

文章主旨：文章介紹近代因為在海上時間地點很難確定給航帶業帶來重大損失，政府鼓勵科技發明，有個叫Harrison的木匠之子發明了一個木鐘來計時，對航海領域貢獻很大。

配對 7：

1. 中間某段提到里harrison的家庭背景

2. A 航海領域遇到的難題，困境

3. I （最后一段）Harrison的發明對以后影響很大

4. D 提到比賽的細節

5. B對longitude的定義

6. H（家庭背景后面） 提到一個人給Harrison financial  support

7. B航海領域不能用金屬表的原因

填空6：

8. …calculate local time according to the sun

9. … 要贏得比賽，誤差要小于2.8 seconds；

10. Harrison 的設備不需要oil 來運行；

11. …Harrison的競爭對手發明的設備叫作：sextant

12. …Harrison的對手發明的測量設備是根據sun來測量的

13. Harrison 的發明，現代的版本叫作marine  chronometer…

Passage Two

新舊

題材

題目

題型

舊

能源

Renewable Energy

判斷7

配對 6

文章主旨：文章講澳大利亞可再生能源的自然資源豐富但是利用不多，文中講了幾個能源公司的再生能源利用方式：風能／地熱／太陽能／潮汐。

判斷 7：

14. NG 可再生能源比傳統能源便宜；  

15. NG 表示比較的內容；  

16. True 能源產電，還有其他服務；

17. True某公司是在another company （原文：the world leader in  this domain） refused 之后建立的

18. True太陽利用項目－驅趕游客；

19. True有個再生能源要adapt its system to  avoid emitting harmful things

20. False澳大利亞是可再生能源領域里的行業大頭

配對 6:

風能公司——H開頭， part of the  program is revised；copy European methods；

太陽能——利用熱能把水變成水汽Air

水下地表 ——水進入deep ground，在過程中，能把有毒物質radon（氡）排出  

潮汐——產生波浪，water forces Air

Passage Three

新舊

題目

題目

題型

舊

生物

Honeybees in trouble

選擇4

句子配對5

判斷5

文章主旨：文章講解了目前傳授劃分的一個農業問題，然后大量使用楓木來傳授花粉會導致一些生物生態問題，比如勝太過于簡答和環境破壞，對當地農作物跟生物影響都很大。

<span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:;" "="">Honey Bees in  Trouble

Can native pollinators fill the gap?

Recently, ominous headlines have described a mysterious  ailment, colony collapse disorder (CCD), which is wiping out the honeybees  that pollinate many crops. Without honeybees, the story goes, fields will be  sterile, economies will collapse, and food will be scarce.

But what few accounts acknowledge is that what’s at  risk is not itself a natural state of affairs. For one thing, in the United  States, where CCD was first reported and has had its greatest impacts,  honeybees are not a native species. Pollination in modern agriculture isn’t  alchemy, it’s industry. The total number of hives involved in the U.S.  pollination industry has been somewhere between 2.5 million and 3 million in  recent years. Meanwhile, American farmers began using large quantities of organophosphate  insecticides, planted large-scale crop monocultures, and adopted “clean  farming” practices that scrubbed native vegetation from field margins and  roadsides. These practices killed many native bees outright — they’re as  vulnerable to insecticides as any agricultural pest — and made the  agricultural landscape inhospitable to those that remained. Concern about  these practices and their effects on pollinators isn’t new, in her 1962  ecological alarm cry Silent  Spring, Rachel Carson  warned of a ‘Fruitless Fall’ that could result from the disappearance of  insect pollinators.

If that ‘Fruitless Fall’ has not — yet — occurred, it  may be largely thanks to the honeybee, which farmers turned to as the ability  of wild pollinators to service crops declined. The honeybee has been semi-domesticated  since the time of the ancient Egyptians, but it wasn’t just familiarity that  determined this choice: the bees’ biology is in many ways suited to the kind of  agricultural system that was emerging. For example, honeybee hives can be  closed up and moved out of the way when pesticides are applied to a field.  The bees are generalist pollinators, so they can be used to pollinate many  different crops. And although they are not the most efficient pollinator of  every crop, honeybees have strength in numbers, with 20,000 to 100,000 bees  living in a single hive. “Without a doubt, if there was one bee you wanted  for agriculture, it would be the honeybee,” says Jim Cane, of the U.S.  Department of Agriculture. The honeybee, in other words, has become a crucial  cog in the modern system of industrial agriculture. That system delivers more  food, and more kinds of it, to more places, more cheaply than ever before.  But that system is also vulnerable, because making a farm field into the  photosynthetic equivalent of a factory floor, and pollination into a series  of continent-long assembly lines, also leaches out some of the resilience  characteristic of natural ecosystems.

Breno Freitas, an agronomist in Brazil, pointed out  that in nature such a high degree of specialization usually is a very  dangerous game: it works well while all the rest is in equilibrium, but runs quickly  to extinction at the least disbalance. In effect, by developing an  agricultural system that is heavily reliant on a single pollinator species,  we humans have become riskily overspecialised. And when the human-honeybee  relationship is disrupted, as it has been by colony collapse disorder, the vulnerability  of that agricultural system begins to become clear.

In fact, a few wild bees are already being successfully  managed for crop pollination. “The problem is trying to provide native bees  in adequate numbers on a reliable basis in a fairly short number of years in  order to service the crop,” Jim Cane says. “You’re talking millions of  flowers per acre in a two-to three-week time frame, or less, for a lot of  crops.” On the other hand, native bees can be much more efficient pollinators  of certain crops than honeybees, so you don’t need as many to do the job. For  example, about 750 blue orchard bees (Osmia lignaria) can pollinate a hectare  of apples or almonds, a task that would require roughly 50,000 to 150,000 honeybees.  There are bee tinkerers engaged in similar work in many corners of the world.  In Brazil, Breno Freitas has found that Centris tarsata, the native  pollinator of wild cashew, can survive in commercial cashew orchards if growers  provide a source of floral oils, such as by interplanting their cashew trees  with Caribbean cherry.

In certain places, native bees may already be doing  more than they’re getting credit for. Ecologist Rachael Winfree recently led  a team that looked at pollination of four summer crops (tomato, watermelon,  peppers, and muskmelon) at 29 farms in the region of New Jersey and  Pennsylvania.

Winfree’s team identified 54 species of wild bees that  visited these crops, and found that wild bees were the most important  pollinators in the system: even though managed honeybees were present on many  of the farms, wild bees were responsible for 62 percent of flower visits in  the study. In another study focusing specifically on watermelon, Winfree and  her colleagues calculated that native bees alone could provide sufficient  pollination at 90 percent of the 23 farms studied. By contrast, honeybees  alone could provide sufficient pollination at only 78 percent of farms.

“The region I work in is not typical of the way most  food is produced,” Winfree admits. In the

Delaware Valley, most farms and farm fields are  relatively small, each farmer typically grows a

variety of crops, and farms are interspersed with  suburbs and other types of land use which means there are opportunities for  homeowners to get involved in bee conservation, too. The landscape is a  bee-friendly patchwork that provides a variety of nesting habitat and floral  resources distributed among different kinds of crops, weedy field margins,  fallow fields, suburban neighborhoods, and semi natural habitat like old  woodlots, all at a relatively small scale. In other words, “pollinator  friendly” farming practices would not only aid pollination of agricultural  crops, but also serve as a key element in the over all conservation strategy  for wild pollinators, and often aid other wild species as well. Of course,  not all farmers will be able to implement all of these practices. And  researchers are suggesting a shift to a kind of polyglot agricultural system.  For some small-scale farms, native bees may indeed be all that’s needed. For  larger operations, a suite of managed bees — with honeybees filling the  generalist role and other, native bees pollinating specific crops — could be  augmented by free pollination services from resurgent wild pollinators. In  other words, they’re saying, we still have an opportunity to replace a risky  monoculture with something diverse, resilient, and robust.

判斷4：

27 In the United States, farmers use honeybees  in a large scale over the past few

years.

NG 28 Clean farming practices would be harmful  to farmers’ health.

NG 29 The blue orchard bee is the most  efficient pollinator for every crop.

YES 30 It is beneficial to other local  creatures to protect native bees.

選擇5：

31 The example of the ‘Fruitless Fall’  underlines the writer’s point about

A needs for using pesticides.

B  impacts of losing insect pollinators.

C vulnerabilities of native bees.

D benefits in building more pollination  industries.

32 Why can honeybees adapt to the modern  agricultural system?

A The honeybees can pollinated more crops  efficiently.

B The bees are semi-domesticated since ancient  times.

C  Honeybee hives can be protected from pesticides.

D The ability of wild pollinators using to  serve crops declines.

33 The writer mentions factories and assembly  lines to illustrate

A  one drawback of the industrialised agricultural system.

B a low cost in modern agriculture.

C the role of honeybees in pollination.

D what a high yield of industrial agriculture.

34 In the 6th paragraph, Winfree’s experiment  proves that

A honeybees can pollinate various crops.

B there are many types of wild bees as the  pollinators.

C wild bees can increase the yield to a higher  percentage.

D  wild bees work more efficiently as a pollinator than honeybees in certain

cases.

35 What does the writer want to suggest in the  last paragraph?

A the importance of honeybees in pollination

B  the adoption of different bees in various sizes of agricultural system

C the comparison between the intensive and the  rarefied agricultural system

D the reason why farmers can rely on native  pollinators

配對5：

36 Headlines of colony collapse disorder state  that B

37 Viewpoints of Freitas manifest that F

38 Examples of blue orchard bees have shown  that E

39 Centris tarsata is mentioned to exemplify  that A

40 One finding of the research in Delaware  Valley is that D

A native pollinators can survive when a  specific plant is supplied.

B it would cause severe consequences to both  commerce and agriculture.

C honeybees can not be bred.

D some agricultural landscapes are favourable  in supporting wild bees.

E a large scale of honeybees are needed to  pollinate.

F an agricultural system is fragile when  relying on a single pollinator.