4. 利用舉例

閱讀中常見的表達舉例的詞很簡單，就是for example, such as, illustration這樣的詞。大家都知道“舉例詞”后面的詞是對前面的詞的舉例說明，但是大家能不能想到這樣可以利用這種舉例關系來猜單詞呢?我們來看下面的例子：

【例句】

Modern teaching practices, the organizations of desks in the classroom, poor classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute to the number of children unable to comprehend the teacher’s voice.

【分析】

這是C9T2R1的一個句子。我們在這個句子中看到了such as引導的一個例子，是對前面mechanical means of ventilation的舉例解釋。很多同學是不認識ventilation的，但是我們一般都認識air-conditioning，通過such as我們可以知道air-conditioning是ventilation的一個例子，那么ventilation肯定是跟“空調”有關的詞，比如可能是“通風系統”之類的含義。

5. 利用因果關系

因果關系也可以用于猜單詞，大家要有意識地利用起來，尤其是在一些包含生詞的因果關系句子中，我們可以利用“因”和“果”互相解釋這一特點來進行生詞的推斷。我們來看下面這兩個例題：

【例題1】(第5題)

Classify the following as typical of

A both Chinese and Japanese pagodas

B only Chinese pagodas

C only Japanese pagodas

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.

5 easy interior access to top

6 tiles on eaves

7 use as observation post

8 size of eaves up to half the width of the building

9 original religious purpose

10 floors fitting loosely over each other

【原文】

The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers.When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions - they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object.

【分析】

這是出自C7T2R1的一個句子。本句話中，很多同學是不認識dispense with這個詞組的，但是我們發現后面有一個原因狀語從句來對其進行解釋，我們可以利用這個原因來進行推斷：樓梯是被dispensed with了，因為日本寶塔是沒有實際用途的而是變成了一個藝術品。結合前面的一個句子：中國寶塔有內部樓梯。因此可以推測日本的樓梯是被去除了，所以be dispensed with的意思是“被去除”

【例題2】

Classify the following statements as referring to

A hand collecting

B using bait

C sampling ground litter

D using a pitfall trap

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.

31 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.

32 It is particularly effective for wet habitats.

33 It is a good method for species which are hard to find.

34 Little time and effort is required.

35 Separate containers are used for individual specimens.

36 Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.

【原文】

The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants.…The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the traps will dry out. One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.

【分析】

原文中，我們會看到ethylene glycol or propylene glycol，我相信一般同學是不認識的，當然我也不認識，但!這不重要!因為我們不用認識也能做題，我們可以猜詞啊!來，我們看到后面有一個as引導的原因狀語從句，就對前面這個分句進行了解釋：這里使用到的防腐劑(preservative)是ethylene glycol 或者是 propylene glycol，因為酒精會蒸發并且陷阱會很快干枯。因此，可以推斷出ethylene glycol 和 propylene glycol都是非酒精(non-alcoholic)，因此36題答案選D。

以上是我們今天的內容——利用舉例來猜單詞和利用因果關系來猜單詞。關于單詞，這里我必須強調兩點：

1

我們確實有很多技巧來幫助我們理解單詞在某一個語境下的意思，但是每一種技巧都不是萬能的，因此大家要靈活運用所有的技巧，這樣在面對陌生語境的時候才能靈活自如的理解，哪怕你并沒有那么多的單詞量。

2

單詞是必須必須要背的!沒有強大的單詞作為基礎，給你講再多的技巧也無濟于事!