Ⅰ動(dòng)詞不定式：

動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)

1)構(gòu)成：(以動(dòng)詞“do”為例)

主動(dòng)態(tài)：一般式"to do"；完成式"to have done"；進(jìn)行式"to be doing"；完成進(jìn)行式“to have been doing”

被動(dòng)態(tài)：一般式"to be done"；完成式“ to have been done"

否定式：not+不定式

2)不定式的時(shí)態(tài)：

①不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生。

He seems to know her address．(：=It seems that he knows her address．)

I hope to see you again．(=I hope that I’11 see you again．)

②不定式的進(jìn)行體表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。其用法主要有以下幾種情況：

a   常用在"appear，happen，pretend，seem，hope，promise"之后。

She pretended to be listening attentively．

Tom appeared to be living in this area．

I hope to be earning my living in a year’s time．(I hope 1 will／would be earning my living)

I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out．

b    常用在"believe，consider，suppose，think，know，report，say，understand"等動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式之后。

He is thought／known／believed／said／supposed to be living in this area = People think／know/ believe／ say／suppose that she is living abroad．[據(jù)認(rèn)為(據(jù)知，據(jù)信，據(jù)說(shuō)，據(jù)猜測(cè))她住在國(guó)外。]

[注]“be supposed to”通常含有“應(yīng)該”意思，表示一定的責(zé)任和義務(wù)。

You are supposed to know how to use a computer=You should know how to use a computer．

Students are not supposed to cook in their dormitory=Students shouldn’t cook in their dormitory．

3)不定式的完成體：

I am sorry to have given you so much trouble．(=I am sorry that I have given you so much trouble．)

We’re leaving at five o’clock in the morning，and hope to have done most of the journey by lunchtime．

②不定式完成進(jìn)行體主要用于“appear，seem，happen，pretend"等之后，也可用于"believe，know，report，say，understand"等動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式之后。

He appears to have been waiting for a long time．

He is believed to have been waiting for a message．

[注]不定式的完成進(jìn)行體與不定式的完成體略有不同，試比較：

He seems to have eaten the apples．(蘋果已被吃光。)

He seems to have been eating the apples．(蘋果尚未完全吃光。)

③不定式的完成體還可以表達(dá)本該發(fā)生卻未發(fā)生的事情常帶這種不定式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有：“pretend，intend， appear，seem，should like，expect"等。

I meant to have telephoned you，but I forgot．

4)不定式的語(yǔ)態(tài)：

①在不定式之前能找到不定式所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，此不定式用主動(dòng)態(tài)；反之則用被動(dòng)態(tài)試比較：

類似的還有：It is impossible to get there．

③在"there be"結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式既可以用主動(dòng)態(tài)，又可以用被動(dòng)態(tài)。

There is no time to lose／to be lost．(時(shí)間緊迫不能耽誤了。前后意義無(wú)差別。)

There b nothing to do／to be done．(沒(méi)事可干／無(wú)能為力。前后意義有差別。)

④習(xí)慣上用“to let(出租)”，“to blame(責(zé)怪)”的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

Nobody was to blame for the accident．(這場(chǎng)事故不能怪任何人。)

Tom asked her if she had any rooms to let．(湯姆問(wèn)她是否有房要出租。)

Ⅱ．分詞

被動(dòng)態(tài)：一般式“being done；完成式(having been done)

否定式：一般式(not doing／not being done)；完成式(not having done／not having been done)

[注]“V-ing”分詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是"V-ing"分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者。

The problem being discussed is of importance．

Having been invited to speak．I’ll start making preparations this evening．

②過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成(V-ed)：

只有一種形式(done)，表示被動(dòng)意義已完成了的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。1

Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance．

My taxes having been paid the amount left in the bank is hardly worth mentioning．

2)時(shí)態(tài)(只有現(xiàn)在分詞才有時(shí)態(tài)形式的變化)：

①現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示動(dòng)作與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。

②現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前，常用作狀語(yǔ)。

Having finished her homework，she went to bed．

Having worked in the fields for two hours．they had a rest．

Ⅲ．動(dòng)名詞

①動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示它的邏輯主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)名詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者。

He dislikes being interrupted during his study．

Several of the customers complain of having been treated very rudely．

②動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)。

He was so surprised at being discovered that he didn’t even try to run away．

The workers were proud of their products being praised highly by the buyers．

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