Ⅰ動詞不定式：

動詞不定式的時態和語態

1)構成：(以動詞“do”為例)

主動態：一般式"to do"；完成式"to have done"；進行式"to be doing"；完成進行式“to have been doing”

被動態：一般式"to be done"；完成式“ to have been done"

否定式：not+不定式

2)不定式的時態：

①不定式的一般式表示的動作與主句謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生或之后發生。

He seems to know her address．(：=It seems that he knows her address．)I promised to be waiting at the door when he came out．

b    常用在"believe，consider，suppose，think，know，report，say，understand"等動詞的被動式之后。

He is thought／known／believed／said／supposed to be living in this area = People think／know/ believe／ say／suppose that she is living abroad．[據認為(據知，據信，據說，據猜測)她住在國外。]

[注]“be supposed to”通常含有“應該”意思，表示一定的責任和義務。

He seems to have been eating the apples．(蘋果尚未完全吃光。)

③不定式的完成體還可以表達本該發生卻未發生的事情常帶這種不定式的謂語動詞有：“pretend，intend， appear，seem，should like，expect"等。

I meant to have telephoned you，but I forgot．

There is no time to lose／to be lost．(時間緊迫不能耽誤了。前后意義無差別。)

There b nothing to do／to be done．(沒事可干／無能為力。前后意義有差別。)

④習慣上用“to let(出租)”，“to blame(責怪)”的主動形式表示被動意義。

Nobody was to blame for the accident．(這場事故不能怪任何人。)

分詞既具有動詞的一些特征(可以有自己的邏輯賓語)，又具有形容詞(可以作定語、表語、賓補、主補)和副詞(狀語)的特征。

(1)分詞的時態和語態

被動態：一般式“being done；完成式(having been done)

否定式：一般式(not doing／not being done)；完成式(not having done／not having been done)

[注]“V-ing”分詞的被動態結構表示它的邏輯主語是"V-ing"分詞所表示的動作的承受者。

The problem being discussed is of importance．

Having been invited to speak．I’ll start making preparations this evening．

②過去分詞的構成(V-ed)：

只有一種形式(done)，表示被動意義已完成了的動作或狀態。1

Considered from this point of view, the question will be of great importance．

My taxes having been paid the amount left in the bank is hardly worth mentioning．

②現在分詞的完成式表示的動作發生在主句謂語動詞表示的動作之前，常用作狀語。

Having worked in the fields for two hours．they had a rest．

動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征(允許有自己的賓語)，又具有名詞的一些特征(可以作主語、賓語、表語和同位語等)。

動名詞的時態與語態

2)時態：

①動名詞的完成式表示其動作先于謂語動詞的動作。

②動名詞的一般式也可表示一個先于謂語動詞的動作。

I remember seeing a film．

He admitted to stealing the book．

3)動名詞的被動語態：

①動名詞的被動語態表示它的邏輯主語是動名詞所表示的動作的承受者。

He was so surprised at being discovered that he didn’t even try to run away．

The workers were proud of their products being praised highly by the buyers．

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